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Related Concept Videos

Hess's Law03:40

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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To escape the Earth's gravity, an object near the top of the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 km must travel away from Earth at 11.1 km/s. This speed is called the escape velocity. The temperature at which gas molecules attain the rms speed, which is equal to the escape velocity, can be estimated by using the equation for the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to its...
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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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The global hydrogen budget.

Zutao Ouyang1,2, Robert B Jackson3,4,5, Marielle Saunois6

  • 1Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen (H2) is crucial for decarbonization but has climate impacts. This study quantizes H2 sources, sinks, and their warming effect, revealing a 0.02°C rise from 2010-2020.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Science
  • Environmental Science and Sustainability
  • Energy Policy and Climate Mitigation

Background:

  • Hydrogen (H2) is proposed as a key energy carrier for decarbonization.
  • However, H2's indirect global warming potential necessitates a thorough understanding of its atmospheric interactions.
  • Concerns exist regarding the climate consequences of expanding H2 economies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze global H2 sources and sinks from 1990 to 2020.
  • To construct a comprehensive H2 budget for the 2010-2020 decade.
  • To assess the impact of rising atmospheric H2 on global surface air temperature (GSAT).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of trends in global H2 sources and sinks over three decades.
  • Construction of a detailed H2 budget for the 2010-2020 period.
  • Estimation of GSAT changes attributed to atmospheric H2 increases.

Main Results:

  • Global H2 sources and sinks increased from 1990-2020, driven by methane oxidation, VOCs, nitrogen fixation, and H2 production leakage.
  • Estimated average H2 sources and sinks for 2010-2020 were 69.9 ± 9.4 Tg yr⁻¹ and 68.4 ± 18.1 Tg yr⁻¹, respectively.
  • Rising atmospheric H2 between 2010-2020 contributed to a GSAT increase of 0.02 ± 0.006 °C.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive H2 budget is essential for managing environmental risks associated with future hydrogen economies.
  • Regional analysis shows Africa and South America as major H2 source/sink hubs, while East Asia and North America lead in fossil fuel emissions.
  • Future GSAT impacts are projected to remain modest (0.01-0.05 °C) but depend on H2 usage, leakage, and methane emissions.