Titan's strong tidal dissipation precludes a subsurface ocean

The Cassini mission provided unprecedented insights into Saturn's largest moon, Titan, from its atmosphere to the deep interior¹. The moon's large measured response to the tides exerted by Saturn was interpreted as evidence of the existence of a subsurface ocean^2,3. This response, twice the value predicted in pre-Cassini studies, has escaped complete explanation. Here we show that the signature of tidal dissipation in Titan's gravity field is not consistent with the presence of an ocean. Our results arise from the detection of this signature through a reanalysis of the radiometric data acquired by Cassini with improved techniques. We found that substantial energy is being dissipated in the interior (approximately 3-4 TW, corresponding to a tidal quality factor Q ≈ 5), consistent with recent studies of Titan's rotational state⁴. Because the presence of a liquid layer reduces the tidal dissipation generated below it⁵, these new measurements preclude the existence of a subsurface ocean on Titan and are explained by a model in which dissipation is concentrated in a high-pressure ice layer close to its melting point. This model also reproduces Titan's observed rotational state and static gravity field self-consistently, reconciling all available geophysical measurements. Efficient ice shell convection can prevent widespread melting and ocean formation, but a slushy high-pressure ice layer is consistent with expectations⁶, indicating that it probably hosts liquid water pockets. The forthcoming Dragonfly mission to Titan will provide a further test of whether a subsurface ocean exists.