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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules01:18

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Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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Tabletability Flip in Dry Granulated Systems.

Zijian Wang1, Chenguang Wang1, Tianxiang Gao1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research
|December 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The tabletability flip phenomenon (TFP) was investigated in dry-granulated formulations. Granule porosity and magnesium stearate levels critically influence TFP by affecting bonding area and strength, impacting tablet quality.

Keywords:
Bonding areaBonding strengthGranulationPlasticityTabletability flip

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • The tabletability flip phenomenon (TFP) is observed in direct compression, where less deformable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) show improved tabletability with excipients.
  • The influence of granulation, specifically dry granulation, on TFP remains largely uncharacterized, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the occurrence and underlying mechanisms of TFP in dry-granulated formulations.
  • To evaluate the impact of granule porosity and magnesium stearate (MgSt) content on TFP.

Main Methods:

  • Acetaminophen (APAP) and ibuprofen (IBU) were used as model APIs for dry granulation.
  • Granules were prepared at two porosity levels (9% and 19%) by adjusting compaction pressure.
  • Tabletability, bonding area (BA), and bonding strength (BS) were assessed with varying extragranular MgSt concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Higher porosity granules (19%) exhibited TFP via fragmentation, similar to non-granulated blends.
  • Lower porosity granules (9%) showed TFP governed by the interplay of BA and BS, with APAP maintaining TFP due to higher BS despite lower BA.
  • Incorporating ≥1% MgSt reduced BS differences, eliminating TFP by favoring the higher tabletability of softer IBU granules.

Conclusions:

  • The bonding area-bonding strength (BA-BS) framework effectively explains TFP in granulated systems.
  • Controlling granule porosity and MgSt levels is crucial for optimizing tabletability in dry granulation.
  • Understanding these factors is key to predicting and managing TFP in pharmaceutical manufacturing.