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Related Concept Videos

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

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Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
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Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration01:28

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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area.
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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
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Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
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Serum RAC1 as a potential biomarker in the early stages of diabetic kidney disease.

Yao Fang1, Xianyang Mo2, Nan Wang2

  • 1Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
|December 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) shows potential as a novel biomarker for early diabetic kidney disease (DKD) detection. Elevated RAC1 levels are associated with early DKD, inflammation, and fibrosis markers.

Keywords:
Diabetic kidney diseaseFibrosisInflammationNLRP3 inflammasomeRAC1

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Diabetic Complications

Background:

  • Preclinical studies suggest Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) exacerbates diabetic kidney disease (DKD) via renal inflammation and fibrosis.
  • The clinical significance of RAC1 in early DKD remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between circulating RAC1 levels and early DKD.
  • To evaluate RAC1 as a potential novel biomarker for early DKD detection.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 150 participants: type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), early DKD, and healthy volunteers (HVs).
  • Measured serum RAC1 using ELISAs.
  • Assessed inflammation markers (NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β) and fibrosis indicators (FBN1, MMP-10).

Main Results:

  • Serum RAC1 levels were elevated in individuals with early DKD.
  • RAC1 positively correlated with UACR, UMA, α1-MG, and inversely with eGFR.
  • RAC1, NLRP3, IL-1β, and MMP-10 levels were inter-correlated in DKD patients; higher RAC1 predicted increased early DKD risk (AUC=0.785).

Conclusions:

  • Circulating RAC1 levels are significantly associated with early DKD.
  • RAC1 may serve as a valuable biomarker for detecting early stages of diabetic kidney disease.