A mycovirus shaped insect-pathogenic and non-pathogenic phenotypes in a fungal biocontrol agent

Mycoviruses are increasingly recognized for their potential applications in crop protection, particularly in biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi and in enhancement of the environmental competence and virulence of entomopathogenic ascomycetes (EA) to optimize their pest control potential. Here, we provide the first evidence of a functional switch between insect-pathogenic and nonpathogenic states in a strain of the EA Beauveria bassiana, driven by a Beauveria bassiana victorivirus 1 (BbVV-1) acting as an essential virulence determinant. The mycovirus-infected wild-type strain (WMI) demonstrated broad-spectrum virulence across insect orders, whereas the isogenic mycovirus-free strain (MFr) was entirely nonpathogenic, exhibiting a complete suppression of cuticle penetration capability, which was restored only through injection of conidia into the hemocoel, bypassing the cuticle barrier. A comprehensive analysis of mycovirus-related inhibition of cuticle penetration revealed that WMI exhibited strong activity in extracellular cuticle-degrading enzymes (ECEs) relevant to virulence, with emphasis on Pr1 protease, whereas ECE secretion, and notably Pr1, were markedly suppressed in MFr. Insect infection by WMI showed a time-dependent increase in the number of pr1 gene copies and quantity of fungal DNA, while neither pr1 expression nor fungal DNA were detected in MFr during the infection cycle. Downregulation of the pr1 gene in MFr suggests a direct effect of mycovirus on fungal transcriptional regulation, highlighting the potential to deploy this BbVV-1 to produce hypervirulent EA strains but also to transition EA from entomopathogens to solely plant-beneficial microorganisms.