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Optimal diving: patch quality, depth, and marginal value.

Alasdair I Houston1, Annette Fayet2, John M McNamara3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.

Behavioral Ecology : Official Journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Marginal Value Theorem needs refinement for diving animals. Optimal foraging time depends on interacting ecological and physiological factors, not just diminishing returns, and habitat quality effects vary.

Keywords:
Marginal Value Theoremdive depthoxygen depletionpatch quality

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Foraging Theory
  • Marine Biology

Background:

  • The Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is commonly used to predict optimal foraging patch times for diving animals.
  • Assumptions of the MVT, particularly diminishing returns, may not accurately reflect diving foraging scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address limitations of the MVT in predicting underwater foraging time for diving animals.
  • To clarify the roles of ecological and physiological factors in patch residency time.
  • To resolve confusions in interpreting environmental quality effects on foraging time in different habitats.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the MVT's core assumption of diminishing returns in foraging.
  • Modeling the interplay of prey abundance (ecological) and aerobic capacity (physiological) on patch residency.
  • Examination of optimal foraging time in homogeneous and heterogeneous habitats.
  • Investigation of foraging gain dependent on time and depth.

Main Results:

  • Diminishing returns are not always necessary for MVT application; ecological and physiological factors interact significantly.
  • Environmental quality's impact on optimal foraging time differs between homogeneous and heterogeneous habitats.
  • Optimal foraging depth is not solely determined by the peak energetic rate of gain.

Conclusions:

  • The MVT requires adjustments for diving animals, incorporating interacting ecological and physiological influences.
  • Clarified interpretations of environmental quality and depth effects enhance models of optimal diving foraging.
  • This work provides a more robust framework for understanding diving animal foraging strategies.