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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Cues for odor naming affect performance and brain connectivity.

Eda Nur Capkan1,2, Funda Yildirim1,2

  • 1Section of Cognition, Data and Education, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.

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|December 18, 2025
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Summary

Visual cues like words or colors impact odor naming by influencing brain networks. Lexical cues directly access language areas, while color cues involve broader visual and interhemispheric connections for olfactory perception.

Keywords:
color cueelectroencephalographygranger causality analysislexical cuemultisensory integrationodor naming

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Sensory Perception

Background:

  • Human olfactory perception involves complex multisensory integration.
  • Visual cues can aid odor recognition and naming, but their neural underpinnings are not fully understood.
  • Investigating how different cue types modulate neural mechanisms in odor naming is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine cognitive mechanisms of odor identification using behavioral and EEG methods.
  • To investigate the effects of lexical and color visual cues on odor naming performance.
  • To explore the neural connectivity patterns associated with cue-assisted odor identification.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test with 40 participants.
  • Employed behavioral assessments and electroencephalography (EEG) to analyze neural activity.
  • Applied Granger causality analysis to examine functional network connectivity during odor naming.

Main Results:

  • Lexical cues significantly improved odor identification accuracy.
  • Odor familiarity and liking ratings influenced both accuracy and response time.
  • Color cues elicited more extensive network connections (frontal-occipital) than lexical cues, which showed focused frontal-temporal/parietal activation.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-modal odor naming recruits distinct neural pathways depending on cue type.
  • Lexical cues facilitate direct access to language networks, whereas color cues engage broader visual and interhemispheric integration.
  • Understanding these cue-specific neural mechanisms advances knowledge of multisensory integration in olfactory perception.