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Heat stroke dysfunctions: from pathophysiology to prediction
Azza Alawad1, Tarig Merghani2, Nadia Yousif3
1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
Frontiers in Physiology
|December 18, 2025
Summary
Heat stroke is a critical medical emergency. New research reveals its complex causes, including gut-brain axis disruption, and explores new biomarkers and AI for early detection and better outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Medicine
- Physiology
- Neuroscience
Background:
- Heat stroke is a severe condition with core body temperature >40.0 °C and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction.
- Traditionally seen as thermoregulatory collapse, it involves complex pathophysiology including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial injury.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review advances in understanding heat stroke mechanisms, clinical features, biomarkers, and outcomes.
- To highlight the role of the gut-brain axis and heat stroke-related neurological damage.
- To discuss emerging technologies like AI and biosensors for early detection and risk prediction.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive narrative review of current literature on heat stroke.
- Examination of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including the gut-brain axis.
- Investigation of potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and technological advancements.
Main Results:
- Heat stroke involves systemic inflammation, immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, endothelial injury, and coagulation activation.
- Gut-brain axis disruption amplifies inflammation and neurotoxicity, leading to neurological damage in critical brain regions.
- Biomarkers like IL-6, HMGB1, CK, S100β, and D-dimer show promise but lack standardized clinical use.
Conclusions:
- Understanding heat stroke requires an interdisciplinary approach, focusing on its multifactorial nature.
- Emerging AI and biosensor technologies offer potential for early detection, monitoring, and personalized risk prediction.
- Improving heat stroke recognition and management is crucial given rising global temperatures.
Keywords:
artificial intelligenceheat strokehyperthermiainflammationintestinal microbiotamultiple organ failurethermoregulationwearable devicesMore Related Videos
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