Update on occupational contact urticaria: a systematic narrative review

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Occupational Medicine
• Immunology

Background:

• Occupational contact urticaria (OCU) is an immediate hypersensitivity skin reaction from workplace exposures.
• OCU can be nonimmunologic (irritant) or immunologic (IgE-mediated), with differing clinical impacts.
• Immunologic OCU may lead to severe reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an updated overview of occupational contact urticaria.
• To synthesize current knowledge on causative agents, diagnostics, and management.
• To highlight emerging occupational exposures and their impact.

Main Methods:

• Systematic narrative review of literature from 2017-2025.
• Structured literature search combined with expert clinical interpretation.
• Focus on identifying new and prevalent occupational allergens.

Main Results:

• The range of occupational allergens is expanding, including Cannabis sativa, arthropods, mask materials, disinfectants, antiseptics, cosmetics, and enzymes.
• Traditional allergens like natural rubber latex, ammonium persulfate, and food allergens remain significant.
• Novel exposures highlight the evolving nature of OCU triggers.

Conclusions:

• Early recognition and diagnosis of OCU are crucial for preventing systemic illness and disability.
• Preventive measures, including workplace awareness and safety management, are essential.
• Strengthening occupational health surveillance can reduce the incidence of OCU.