Mite Assemblages in Young Oil Palm Plantations with Different Genotypes in Norte de Santander, Colombia

This study examines the structure of mite (Acari) communities in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) foliage using a genus-level approach, focusing on plantations up to 5 years old. This developmental stage represents a key period for ecological interactions, as palms reach full canopy expansion and are more susceptible to pest colonization. The primary objective was to characterize the spatial distribution and trophic composition of mites (phytophagous and predatory) across leaf strata and adjacent spontaneous vegetation. Sampling was conducted in a stratified manner from the upper, middle, and lower leaflets of the palm crown, as well as from surrounding vegetation. A total of 10,530 individuals were collected from which 337 adult mites were selected and processed. Specimens were cleared using Evans' solution to facilitate microscopic identification. Taxonomic determinations were made to subfamily and genus levels. Phytophagous mites (n = 210) were predominantly from the Tetranychidae family, while predatory mites (n = 127) were primarily from the Phytoseiidae family. The middle leaflet stratum and the 3-year-old Dami Las Flores variety harbored the highest mite densities. In the surrounding vegetation, phytophagous mites were more abundant, whereas predatory mites showed stronger associations with plant species in the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families. Although species-level identification was not achieved, genus-level resolution was sufficient to reveal meaningful patterns in early-stage mite assemblages and offer a functional perspective useful for developing future biological control and integrated pest management strategies.