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Tuberculosis and Leprosy in the Past
Malin Ridell1, Margareta Eriksson2
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Ancient DNA and lipid analyses reveal tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy were widespread diseases in past populations. Evidence shows TB existed 17,000 years ago, while leprosy dates back over 4000 years.
Area of Science:
- Paleopathology
- Molecular Archaeology
- Bioarchaeology
Background:
- New analytical methods have significantly advanced our understanding of ancient diseases.
- Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy are key examples of historical diseases studied using these techniques.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the prevalence and timeline of tuberculosis and leprosy in ancient populations.
- To explore the origins of TB and the historical distribution of leprosy.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of ancient DNA extracted from skeletal remains.
- Lipid analysis of cell wall components from ancient bone samples.
- Osteological examination of ancient human and animal skeletons.
Main Results:
- Tuberculosis evidence found in a 17,000-year-old bison and ancient human remains globally, indicating widespread presence.
- Leprosy identified in Europe from the Middle Ages and in India over 4000 years ago.
- Co-infections of TB and leprosy detected in historical samples, including a Viking grave.
Conclusions:
- Tuberculosis was a globally distributed ancient disease, likely originating from environmental nonpathogenic mycobacteria.
- Leprosy has a long history, with evidence suggesting its presence in India predates its appearance in medieval Europe.
- Ancient pathogen detection methods provide crucial insights into the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
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