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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Protean bio-heterojunction nanoparticle coating for dynamically modulating diabetic microenvironment.

Lisha Pan1, Ao Zheng1, Ning Huang1

  • 1Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai, 200011, China.

Biomaterials
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a novel TiO2/ZnO bio-heterojunction system on CFRPEEK dental implants to improve outcomes for diabetic patients. The innovative implant coating enhances osseointegration, combats infection, and manages oxidative stress for better long-term success.

Keywords:
Antibacterial agentsAntioxidantBio-heterojunctionDiabetes mellitusOsseointegrationSurface modification

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus increases dental implant failure risk due to oxidative stress and impaired healing.
  • Existing antibacterial agents can worsen oxidative stress and hinder bone regeneration.
  • Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in diabetes negatively impact implant osseointegration and increase peri-implantitis risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multifunctional bioactive coating for dental implants to address challenges in diabetic patients.
  • To create a TiO2/ZnO bio-heterojunction (BJ) system on CFRPEEK implants with synergistic antibacterial, osteogenic, and antioxidant properties.
  • To investigate the efficacy of the modified implants in modulating the diabetic microenvironment and promoting osseointegration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a TiO2 interface on CFRPEEK via titanium plasma immersion ion implantation (PIIID-Ti).
  • Incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) onto the TiO2 interface using polydopamine (PDA) for TiO2/ZnO BJ formation.
  • In vitro and in vivo assessments in a diabetic rat femoral defect model to evaluate biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, osseointegration, and antioxidant activity.

Main Results:

  • The TiO2/ZnO BJ system effectively modulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.
  • The modified surface demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, osteo-induction, and early-stage antibacterial efficacy.
  • In vivo studies confirmed biosafety, antibacterial ability, and enhanced osseointegration in diabetic rats, with ROS scavenging and Keap1/Nrf2 pathway activation.

Conclusions:

  • The BJ PIIID-Ti modified CFRPEEK implants show significant potential for treating diabetic patients requiring dental restorations.
  • The multifunctional coating effectively combats infection and self-regulates oxidative stress, improving the local regenerative microenvironment.
  • This approach offers a promising theoretical basis for future clinical applications in managing diabetic complications in implant dentistry.