Transformative progress of SPIONs in cancer theranostics: A comprehensive review on recent advances in SPIONs...

To explore the fundamental properties and biomedical potential of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), a multidisciplinary approach involving chemists, physicists, and material scientists is essential. This review highlights the unique magnetic properties of SPIONs compared to bulk magnetic materials, alongside their synthesis, characterization methods, and the factors influencing their magnetic behavior. We delve into the diverse biomedical applications of SPIONs, including their roles as contrast agents in imaging, drug carriers, and therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Special attention is given to the concept of theranostics, where SPIONs are utilized for both therapy and diagnosis within a single system. We comprehensively summarize recent advances in the use of SPIONs for cancer theranostics over the past decade while briefly addressing their toxicity and biodegradability. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges and future prospects of SPIONs in theranostic applications including its explorations in ongoing clinical trials. The current study addresses the challenges and future perspectives in applying SPIONs in oncology, providing a roadmap for future research and development. Furthermore, considering the potential of SPION-based therapeutic platforms to achieve targeted anticancer efficacy, this article is expected to make a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge and inspire further advancements in this rapidly evolving field.