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Evaluating the effects of maternal diabetes on early infant neurodevelopment with a novel combination of four neurodevelopmental tools

Evaluating the effects of maternal diabetes on early infant neurodevelopment with a novel combination of four neurodevelopmental tools

Alexa Escapita ¹, Alexandra Glatter ², Eric Siegel ³, Tara Johnson ⁴, Hari Eswaran ¹, Diana Escalona-Vargas ⁵

Alexa Escapita ¹, Alexandra Glatter ², Eric Siegel ³

¹University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Little Rock, AR, USA.
²University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
³University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Biostatistics, Little Rock, AR, USA.
⁴Driscoll Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
⁵University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Little Rock, AR, USA; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA.

⁰University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Little Rock, AR, USA.

Early Human Development +

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December 18, 2025

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal diabetes may impact infant neurodevelopment. While not statistically significant, trends suggest lower language scores in infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes and visual-motor delays in infants of mothers with type 2 diabetes.

Area Of Science

Neuroscience
Developmental Pediatrics
Endocrinology

Background

Maternal diabetes mellitus is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring.
Understanding the specific impacts of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes on infant neurodevelopment is crucial.

Purpose Of The Study

To characterize the neurodevelopmental effects of maternal T1DM and T2DM in infants.
To compare neurodevelopmental outcomes across infants of mothers with T1DM, T2DM, and non-diabetic controls.

Main Methods

Prospective study of 54 infants (1-2 months old) from mothers with T1DM (n=10), T2DM (n=24), and controls (n=20).
Utilized Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE), Dubowitz exam, Capute Scales, and General Movement Assessment (GMA).

Main Results

No statistically significant differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes were found across groups.
Trends indicated lower language scores in the T1DM group and more abnormal writhing movements in the T2DM group (GMA).
Suboptimal neuromotor development was observed in 20 infants.

Conclusions

Findings suggest potential trends of lower language scores in infants exposed to T1DM and lower visual-motor scores in infants exposed to T2DM.
Early identification and developmental therapy are recommended for infants of mothers with diabetes.
Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Keywords:

Capute scales Dubowitz Early detection Early infant development General movement assessment Hammersmith neonatal neurological examination Maternal diabetes

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