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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the gastrointestinal...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview

Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification01:23

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification

Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...

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Programming Stem Cells for Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles
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Set it and forget it: Engineered cells for drug delivery.

Erik D Herzog1, Christine T N Pham2, Farshid Guilak3

  • 1Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.

Cell Systems
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed smart cells that deliver diabetes therapy during sleep. This novel approach uses melatonin-sensing cells to administer glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) therapy, improving blood sugar control in diabetic mice.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Endocrinology
  • Circadian Biology

Background:

  • Current diabetes treatments often involve painful injections.
  • There is a need for patient-centered therapeutic alternatives.
  • Melatonin plays a key role in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel smart cell-based therapy for diabetes.
  • To investigate the potential of circadian-synchronized drug delivery.
  • To utilize melatonin as a trigger for therapeutic release.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered cells designed to sense melatonin levels.
  • Development of cells capable of delivering glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
  • In vivo testing in a mouse model of diabetes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully engineered cells that release GLP-1 in response to melatonin.
  • Demonstrated restoration of normal blood sugar levels in diabetic mice during sleep.
  • Validated the concept of circadian-synchronized, cell-mediated therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Smart cells offer a promising alternative to traditional diabetes injections.
  • Circadian-synchronized therapy delivered during sleep can effectively manage blood glucose.
  • This approach advances patient-centered circadian medicine through smart cell technology.