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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...
Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the emitted...
Sound Intensity Level00:53

Sound Intensity Level

Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
The human ear can perceive an extensive range of sound intensity, necessitating the use of the logarithmic scale to define a physical quantity—the intensity level. It is a ratio of two intensities and hence a...
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Does Auditory Stimulation Matter? A Single-Subject Design Examining the Active Ingredients Within a Modified Cycles

Nicole Redman1, Klaire Brumbaugh1, Kelly Farquharson2

  • 1Moravian University, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation Center, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States.

Seminars in Speech and Language
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The modified Cycles Approach effectively treats preschool children with phonological disorders. Auditory stimulation did not enhance speech intelligibility outcomes in this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Childhood Communication Disorders

Background:

  • Phonological disorders affect preschool children's speech sound production.
  • The Cycles Approach is a common intervention for phonological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the modified Cycles Approach with and without auditory stimulation.
  • To evaluate the impact of auditory stimulation on speech intelligibility in young children.

Main Methods:

  • Alternating treatments design (AATD) with three preschool children.
  • Modified Cycles Approach targeting two phonological patterns.
  • Effectiveness measured by percentage of errors and speech intelligibility.

Main Results:

  • All participants improved speech sound production without auditory stimulation.
  • Two participants showed significant speech intelligibility improvement regardless of auditory stimulation.
  • One participant showed better outcomes without auditory stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • A modified Cycles Approach is effective for preschool phonological disorders.
  • Auditory stimulation did not improve or expedite speech intelligibility outcomes in this cohort.
  • Clinical outcomes can be achieved without auditory stimulation for some children.