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Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.

Types of Enols and Enolates

Types of Enols and Enolates

Aldehydes and ketones form enols, although only about 1% of the enol is present at the equilibrium for simple monocarbonyl compounds. The enol form is undetectable for acetaldehyde, present as only 1.5 × 10−4 % of acetone, and present as only 1.2% of cyclohexanone. Two kinds of regioisomeric enols are possible for unsymmetrical ketones, and their net composition is 1% at equilibrium. This instability is due to the lower bond energy of C=C than the C=O group. The additional...

Solvating Effects

Solvating Effects

An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...

Solvents

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

Published on: March 9, 2021

Laccase stability and activity in diol-based deep eutectic solvents: An experimental and computational study.

Madushmita Hatimuria¹, Jyoti Vishwakarma², Akshara Mohan¹

¹Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kadaganchi, Karnataka, 585367, India.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

|December 18, 2025

Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can enhance laccase enzyme activity and stability. Betaine-based DESs with specific polyol structures, like Betaine:1,2-Propanediol, show the most promise for sustainable biocatalysis.

Keywords:

Deep eutectic solvents Laccase Molecular docking Molecular dynamics simulation Polyols

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Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

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Published on: March 9, 2021

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Area of Science:

Biocatalysis
Green Chemistry
Enzyme Engineering

Background:

Laccase is a valuable oxidoreductase enzyme with broad industrial applications.
Industrial conditions often compromise laccase activity and stability.
Current methods to improve laccase performance can be complex and unsustainable.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of deep eutectic solvent (DES) structure on laccase activity and stability.
To identify optimal DES formulations for enhancing laccase performance.
To provide a framework for designing sustainable DES co-solvents for biocatalysis.

Main Methods:

Synthesized and tested 15 betaine- and choline chloride-based DESs with varying diols.
Evaluated laccase activity and thermal stability in different DESs.
Utilized molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand interactions.

Main Results:

Betaine-derived diol-based DESs significantly enhanced both laccase activity and stability.
A 1:4 M ratio of DES components proved optimal for laccase activity.
Betaine:1,2-Propanediol DES demonstrated superior performance compared to Betaine:1,3-Propanediol DES.
Computational simulations confirmed stabilizing hydrogen bonds and maintained enzyme structure.

Conclusions:

The structural features of polyols in DESs critically influence laccase modulation.
Betaine-based DESs offer a sustainable approach to improve laccase biocatalysis.
This study provides insights for rational design of DESs for industrial enzyme applications.