Systematic review and analysis of animal models for sinus floor augmentation: A 30-Year perspective

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the characteristics of animal models used in lateral sinus floor augmentation (LSFA) over the past three decades and to provide evidence-based recommendations for model selection.

Relevant preclinical studies on LSFA were identified through a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus (from 1995 to 2025), supplemented by manual screening of reference lists. Studies that performed LSFA in defined animal species and reported histological, radiographic, or biomechanical outcomes were eligible for inclusion.

The systematic review included 76 eligible studies. Analysis revealed a predominant use of rabbit models, valued for their cost-effectiveness and surgical accessibility, despite limitations such as faster healing. Large animals such as sheep and pigs were essential for evaluating functional implant loading, offering physiological resemblance to humans. Conversely, the applications of canine and primate have declined due to ethical and cost constraints. The use of rodent models, particularly transgenic mice, offered unique insights into molecular mechanisms.

No single model proved universally optimal. The choice is contingent upon the specific objective: rabbits are well-suited for biomaterial screening, large animals are critical for evaluating functional implant osseointegration, and rodents are indispensable for probing molecular mechanisms. Future research must prioritize the standardization of experimental protocols, embrace genetic and imaging technologies to enhance clinical predictive value.

This systematic review provides evidence-based guidance for selecting optimal animal models in LSFA, enhancing preclinical prediction of surgical outcomes and bone regeneration for improved clinical translation.