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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
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Quantifying Additive Manufacturing Vapor Plumes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Synchrotron X-Ray

Anna C M Getley1,2, Samy Hocine1,2, Junji Shinjo3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) causes preferential elemental loss in superalloys, particularly Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). Understanding vaporization dynamics is key to optimizing LPBF simulations and preventing composition irregularities in additive manufacturing.

Keywords:
additive manufacturingalloy composition changeslaser powder bed fusionlaser weldingmulti‐physics simulationspreferential vaporizationvapor dynamicsvapor pressures

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Vaporization phenomena in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are poorly understood.
  • The relationship between laser-induced metal vaporization, elemental loss, and composition variations is unclear.
  • Existing models struggle to accurately predict preferential vaporization effects in alloys.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify vapor plume composition and preferential vaporization during LPBF.
  • To investigate the impact of keyhole mode on vaporization and elemental loss.
  • To improve the accuracy of multi-physics simulations for LPBF processes.

Main Methods:

  • In situ 1 kHz laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).
  • Correlative X-ray synchrotron radiography.
  • Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
  • Multi-physics simulations comparing different approaches.

Main Results:

  • Vaporization significantly increases under keyhole mode conditions.
  • Preferential vaporization leads to elemental loss rates: Ni ≈ Fe > Cr > Mo in IN625.
  • Melt pool temperature (≈2300 K) can be estimated via vapor pressures; Raoult's law is insufficient.
  • Simulations incorporating temperature-dependent thermophysical properties show improved predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Vapor dynamics in laser-processed IN625 are elucidated, clarifying compositional changes.
  • Preferential vaporization is a critical factor influencing alloy composition in LPBF.
  • Enhanced simulation strategies are proposed for optimizing additive manufacturing processes.