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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding I: Inspection and Percussion01:30

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding I: Inspection and Percussion

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Respiratory system abnormalities are a significant concern in healthcare due to their potential to indicate underlying severe conditions like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia. These abnormalities can often be detected through physical examination methods like inspection and percussion.
Inspection Findings
During an inspection, several findings may suggest the presence of respiratory distress or disease. Pursed-lip breathing, where exhalation is slowed by...
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Muscles of the Thorax01:25

Muscles of the Thorax

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The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
The diaphragm is at the core of thoracic musculature, the primary muscle involved in breathing. This expansive, dome-shaped muscle marks the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It...
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Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation01:31

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation

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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
Palpation Findings
During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs
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Diaphragm dysfunction and interstitial lung disease in a preterm infant.

Laura A Rose1,2, Elizabeth Brees3, Daniel Lesser3,2

  • 1Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA l2rose@health.ucsd.edu.

BMJ Case Reports
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Chronic lung disease in preterm infants presents diverse challenges. This case study details a preterm infant with persistent respiratory distress, diaphragm dysfunction, and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, necessitating long-term ventilation.

Keywords:
Bronchopulmonary DysplasiaGeneticsInterstitial lung diseaseNeonatal intensive careNeuromuscular disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Chronic lung disease (CLD) in preterm infants is a complex condition with varied presentations.
  • Preterm infants are susceptible to respiratory complications due to immature lung development.
  • Heterogeneity in CLD necessitates individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of a preterm infant with a rare and complex form of chronic lung disease.
  • To illustrate the diagnostic challenges and management of combined diaphragm dysfunction, neurologic dysfunction, and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis.
  • To emphasize the need for long-term respiratory support in specific preterm infant populations.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management.
  • Review of relevant literature on pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis and diaphragm dysfunction in neonates.
  • Long-term follow-up of respiratory support and clinical course.

Main Results:

  • The preterm infant experienced persistent respiratory distress.
  • Diagnosis revealed concurrent diaphragm dysfunction, neurologic dysfunction, and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis.
  • The infant required prolonged positive pressure ventilation for respiratory support.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic lung disease in preterm infants is not a uniform entity.
  • Combined neuromuscular and parenchymal lung pathologies can lead to severe, prolonged respiratory failure.
  • Multidisciplinary management and long-term ventilation are crucial for survival in complex cases.