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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia
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Race-based differences in serum biomarkers for cancer-associated cachexia in a diverse cohort of patients with

Margaret A Park1,2, Evan W Davis2,3, Solomon Alhassan2

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.

Communications Medicine
|December 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) shows potential for early cachexia detection in White and Hispanic patients. Biomarkers like ENA-78/CXCL5 and GRO-α/CXCL1 are elevated in Black patients, highlighting a need for inclusive clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of death, disproportionately affecting Non-Hispanic Black individuals.
  • Cancer-associated cachexia (CCa) significantly predicts poor outcomes but lacks race-specific early diagnostic biomarkers.
  • There is a critical need for race- and ethnicity-specific biomarkers for early CCa detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and evaluate race- and ethnicity-specific biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer-associated cachexia (CCa) in pancreatic cancer patients.
  • To assess the utility of candidate biomarkers, including GDF-15, ENA-78/CXCL5, and GRO-α/CXCL1, in diverse patient populations.
  • To investigate the association of biomarkers with cachexia severity and weight loss.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multiplex ELISA-based methods to analyze pre-treatment serum samples from a diverse cohort of pancreatic cancer patients.
  • Evaluated a panel of candidate biomarkers, focusing on GDF-15, ENA-78/CXCL5, and GRO-α/CXCL1.
  • Correlated biomarker levels with cachexia severity, pre-cachexia status, and weight loss over six months post-diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) levels correlate with cachexia severity and predict pre-cachexia status in Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic White participants.
  • High GDF-15 levels at diagnosis are associated with significant weight loss within six months post-diagnosis.
  • ENA-78/CXCL5 and GRO-α/CXCL1 were found to be elevated in non-Hispanic Black individuals, independent of disease status.

Conclusions:

  • GDF-15 may serve as a potential biomarker for pre-cachexia in White and Hispanic populations, but not in Black individuals.
  • The distinct biomarker profiles underscore the urgent need for including Non-Hispanic Black participants in clinical trials for CCa.
  • Further research is needed to develop effective, race-specific diagnostic tools for CCa.