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Full-duplex underwater wireless optical communication with reflective modulation and coherent detection.

Tiankuo Wei, Xinke Tang, Weijie Dai

|December 19, 2025

Summary

This study demonstrates a full-duplex underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system using reflective modulation and coherent detection. The system achieves reliable data transmission over significant distances, crucial for advancing underwater connectivity.

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Area of Science:

Optical Communications
Underwater Technology
Signal Processing

Background:

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is essential for high-bandwidth data transfer in aquatic environments.
Existing UWOC systems often face limitations in achieving full-duplex communication and mitigating signal degradation.
Coherent detection and advanced signal processing offer potential solutions for enhanced UWOC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel full-duplex UWOC system.
To investigate the system's performance using reflective modulation and coherent detection.
To analyze the impact of digital signal processing (DSP) on mitigating signal impairments.

Main Methods:

A single 532 nm laser source for both downlink and uplink transmissions.
Intensity modulation-direct detection (IM-DD) with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) for downlink.
Time-division coherent detection (TDCD) for the reflective uplink signal.
Application of digital signal processing (DSP) to compensate for device imperfections and channel effects.

Main Results:

The full-duplex UWOC system successfully achieved data rates of 1 Gbps (downlink) and 0.2 Mbps or 1.2 Mbps (uplink).
Bit error rates (BER) below the forward error correction (FEC) limit were attained at substantial channel attenuations (43.7 dB and 6.49 dB).
Estimated maximum transmission distances in pure seawater reached 77.3 m and 26.7 m for the respective data rate configurations.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated full-duplex UWOC system with reflective modulation and coherent detection is effective for underwater data transmission.
DSP techniques significantly improve the system's resilience to signal degradation, enabling higher data rates and longer distances.
This work provides a viable solution for robust and efficient underwater wireless optical communication networks.