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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies
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Contrasting Patterns of Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression in Co-Occurring Spotted Turtle and Eastern Box Turtle

Paige K Madden1, Sarah E Carter1, Austin C Hulbert1

  • 1Department of Environmental Sciences University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA.

Ecology and Evolution
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eastern box turtles may be experiencing inbreeding depression, impacting their reproductive success, unlike spotted turtles. Conservation efforts must focus on preserving habitat and connectivity for these vulnerable turtle populations.

Keywords:
Clemmys guttataTerrapene carolinaheterophil:lymphocyte ratiohome rangeradio‐telemetryreproductive success

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Area of Science:

  • * Conservation Biology
  • * Population Genetics
  • * Herpetology

Background:

  • * Genetic diversity is crucial for population adaptation to environmental changes.
  • * Inbreeding and inbreeding depression pose significant threats to small, isolated populations.
  • * Eastern box turtles and spotted turtles in oak savannas face population declines and habitat fragmentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To compare the vulnerability of eastern box turtles and spotted turtles to inbreeding depression.
  • * To investigate the effects of population size, habitat, and stress on inbreeding.
  • * To assess reproductive success as an indicator of inbreeding depression in these species.

Main Methods:

  • * Studied three populations of both eastern box turtles and spotted turtles.
  • * Estimated population size, home range, and habitat area.
  • * Measured physiological stress and compared inbreeding coefficients and reproductive success (hatching and survival rates).

Main Results:

  • * Spotted turtles had smaller populations, smaller home ranges, and higher stress levels than box turtles.
  • * Box turtle populations exhibited higher inbreeding coefficients.
  • * Box turtles showed lower egg-hatching success and hatchling survival, suggesting inbreeding depression, while spotted turtles did not.

Conclusions:

  • * Eastern box turtle populations may be experiencing inbreeding depression, potentially due to habitat fragmentation limiting gene flow.
  • * Spotted turtles, despite smaller populations, did not show clear evidence of inbreeding depression.
  • * Preserving intact habitats, restoring connectivity, and preventing further fragmentation are vital for conserving these turtle species.