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The impact of bilingualism and code-switching on executive function performance.

Basak Özkara1,2, Raul Schneider2, Gülay Cedden3,4

  • 1Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.

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Summary

Bilingualism enhances task-switching but may impact working memory. Frequent code-switching in bilinguals correlates with greater interference control challenges, revealing domain-specific effects on executive functions (EFs).

Keywords:
bilingual advantagebilingualismcode-switchingcognitive controlexecutive functions

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Bilingualism necessitates robust executive functions (EFs) for managing linguistic interference.
  • Executive functions are crucial for cognitive control and adapting to complex linguistic environments.
  • Understanding how bilingualism shapes EFs is key to cognitive science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate executive function (EF) performance differences between Turkish-German bilinguals and German monolinguals.
  • To explore the impact of habitual code-switching on EF outcomes in bilingual individuals.
  • To analyze domain-specific effects of bilingualism on cognitive control.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of EF performance across five domains: response inhibition, working memory, task-switching, interference control, and attention.
  • Utilized a novel scene description game to elicit naturalistic code-switching patterns.
  • Employed the N-Back task for working memory assessment and the Stroop Interference test for interference control.

Main Results:

  • Bilinguals demonstrated superior task-switching accuracy compared to monolinguals.
  • Monolinguals showed enhanced working memory performance (d-prime scores on N-Back task).
  • Higher code-switching frequency (CS Index) in bilinguals correlated with increased susceptibility to Stroop interference.

Conclusions:

  • Bilingualism confers cognitive flexibility advantages (task-switching) but may present challenges in other EF domains like working memory.
  • Code-switching behavior significantly influences EF performance, particularly interference control, indicating a complex interplay.
  • Findings highlight the necessity of examining individual EF domains and diverse bilingual experiences for a comprehensive understanding of cognitive mechanisms.