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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Generation and Assembly of Virus-Specific Nucleocapsids of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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The Incoming Influenza Genome Assembles a Host RBP Network that Orchestrates Viral RNA Synthesis.

Stephen Clarke1, Deep B Patel1, Andrea Ascura1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza A virus (IAV) RNA recruits hundreds of human proteins upon entry. These host factors, including GMPS, TOP2A, SRRM2, and SPEN, are essential for viral replication and offer new antiviral targets.

Keywords:
GMPSInfluenza A virusRNA virusRNA-binding proteinSPENSRRM2TOP2AVIR-CLASPhost-pathogen interactionsinteractome capturestrand-specificviral RNA

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Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions

Background:

  • Influenza A virus (IAV) replication begins rapidly after entry.
  • The earliest host factors interacting with the viral genome are largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify host proteins that interact with the incoming IAV genome before viral transcription.
  • To understand the role of these early host-viral RNA interactions in viral replication.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized VIR-CLASP technology to capture protein-RNA interactions with progenitor viral RNA (vRNA).
  • Identified and characterized ~700 human RNA binding proteins (RBPs) interacting with the IAV genome.
  • Performed functional studies on key identified host factors.

Main Results:

  • Identified ~700 human RBPs recruited by the incoming IAV negative-sense genome.
  • These RBPs are involved in RNA metabolism, chromatin remodeling, and nuclear organization.
  • GMPS, TOP2A, SRRM2, and SPEN were confirmed as critical proviral factors essential for different stages of IAV replication, including vRNA/cRNA/mRNA production, mRNA capping, and viral RNA splicing.

Conclusions:

  • The incoming IAV vRNA acts as a scaffold to assemble host nuclear machinery for replication.
  • This study reveals a broad network of host factors engaged by IAV early in infection.
  • These findings expose new host vulnerabilities for antiviral strategies against IAV.