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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Harnessing Microexplosions for Rapid Pd-N Single-Atom Catalyst Formation.

Xiao Chen1, Jingsheng Chen1, Pingxin Wu1

  • 1School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212100, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 19, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel microexplosive synthesis reactor (MER) enables ultrafast, energy-efficient production of single-atom catalysts (SACs). This method prevents metal aggregation, yielding highly active and stable palladium SACs for biomass conversion.

Keywords:
confined‐space combustionmicroexplosive synthesisrapid thermal activationsingle‐atom catalysts

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis Science
  • Materials Synthesis
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Scalable and energy-efficient synthesis of single-atom catalysts (SACs) faces challenges with high energy consumption and metal aggregation during thermal activation.
  • Conventional methods often involve a trade-off between achieving atomic dispersion and preventing catalyst deactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel synthesis method for producing highly dispersed and stable single-atom catalysts (SACs).
  • To investigate the mechanism of atomic dispersion and stabilization in a microexplosive synthesis reactor (MER).
  • To evaluate the performance of the synthesized SACs in a relevant catalytic application.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a microexplosive synthesis reactor (MER) with micron-channels for spatially confined deflagration of acetylacetonate precursors.
  • Employed synchrotron characterization and multiscale simulations to elucidate the synthesis mechanism.
  • Tested the synthesized palladium SACs (Pd─N4) for the hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).

Main Results:

  • Achieved ultrafast atomic dispersion of palladium (<20 ms) with localized ultrahigh temperatures (>1500 K) while suppressing bulk temperature (<200 °C).
  • Identified a three-step mechanism involving precursor sublimation, non-equilibrium combustion waves, and N-coordination stabilization.
  • Synthesized Pd─N4 SACs exhibited exceptional activity and stability (>200 h) in HMF hydrogenation, outperforming nanoparticle catalysts by 2-3 orders of magnitude.
  • MER process demonstrated a 98% reduction in energy consumption and enabled scalable, consistent production.

Conclusions:

  • The MER provides a scalable, energy-efficient, and sustainable platform for manufacturing SACs with minimized carbon footprint.
  • The developed method is applicable to multiple metals, establishing a versatile approach for advanced catalyst production.
  • The synthesized Pd─N4 SACs show significant potential for biomass conversion applications due to their superior catalytic performance.