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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Pelvic floor dysfunction in menopause: screening, evaluation and management.

Giulia Misasi1, Ipek Betul Ozcivit Erkan2, Eleonora Russo1

  • 1Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) are common in midlife women due to aging and menopause. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment are crucial for improving quality of life and managing these progressive conditions.

Keywords:
Pelvic floor dysfunctionestrogen deficiencymenopausepelvic organ prolapseurinary incontinenceurinary tract infections

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Area of Science:

  • Women's Health
  • Gerontology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) are prevalent in midlife women, often stemming from genetic factors, pregnancy, aging, and menopause.
  • These conditions, including urinary incontinence and prolapse, are frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated, significantly impacting quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of menopause and aging on pelvic floor dysfunction.
  • To provide an overview of clinical assessment and management strategies for PFD in postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library up to March 1, 2025.
  • Keywords included menopause, aging, pelvic floor disorders, and genitourinary symptoms.

Main Results:

  • Menopause and aging contribute to PFD via estrogen deficiency, muscle atrophy, and reduced collagen.
  • This leads to conditions like urinary incontinence, prolapse, overactive bladder, and increased urinary infection susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • PFD in postmenopausal women are chronic and progressive, necessitating early identification and a multidisciplinary approach.
  • Future management will integrate AI, personalized therapies, public awareness, and digital health tools for improved outcomes and reduced stigma.