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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
Published on: August 26, 2021
Extracellular vesicles: the double-edged sword in viral infections
Sharda Kumari1, Arup Banerjee1
1Laboratory of Virology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science, Faridabad, India.
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanocarriers released by various eukaryotic cells and found in diverse bodily fluids. EVs have transitioned from being considered cellular waste disposers to significant players in intercellular communication and signaling. These EVs carry signature cargos of infected cells and thus can be helpful as biomarkers or prognostic markers for infectious diseases. Viruses can manipulate the EV biogenesis machinery in their own dissemination. EVs released from virus-infected cells can carry immune modulatory molecules, thus contributing to disease progression. This comprehensive review collates the information on the impact of EVs on viral infection and disease progression.
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