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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
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Listeners Systematically Integrate Hierarchical Tonal Context, Regardless of Musical Training.

Riesa Y Cassano-Coleman1, Sarah C Izen1, Elise A Piazza1,2

  • 1Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester.

Psychological Science
|December 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Listeners process music context for prediction and memory. While musical training enhances sensitivity to longer musical structures, it has minimal impact on basic tonal context integration for encoding and segmentation.

Keywords:
auditoryevent segmentationexpertisememorymusic cognitionmusic theorynaturalisticpredictionscrambling

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Music Cognition
  • Auditory Neuroscience

Background:

  • Music interpretation relies heavily on context, influencing emotional responses.
  • The impact of formal musical training on hierarchical tonal information processing remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how formal musical training affects hierarchical tonal information integration in music.
  • To examine the role of tonal context in music prediction, memory, and segmentation.
  • To assess sensitivity to different timescales of musical structure.

Main Methods:

  • Naturalistic music was scrambled at multiple timescales to manipulate tonal context.
  • Experiments involved memory, prediction, event boundary perception, and scrambling identification tasks.
  • Participants included musicians and nonmusicians across four experiments.

Main Results:

  • Memory and prediction improved with more intact tonal context for all listeners.
  • Event boundaries were influenced by tonal context and phrase structure.
  • Musicians showed greater sensitivity to longer-timescale "hyperphrase" structure and better identified scrambling levels.

Conclusions:

  • Listeners integrate tonal context across phrases for efficient music encoding, prediction, and segmentation.
  • Formal musical training has a surprisingly limited effect on this fundamental tonal integration process.