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Related Concept Videos

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials
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Enhanced S-Factor for the ^{14}N(p,γ)^{15}O Reaction and Its Impact on the Solar Composition Problem.

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  • 1Beijing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing 100875, China.

Physical Review Letters
|December 19, 2025
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New measurements of the ^{14}N(p,γ)^{15}O reaction clarify solar composition. The updated carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) neutrino flux resolves discrepancies, but the solar metallicity problem persists.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Astrophysics
  • Solar Physics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • The solar composition problem, concerning discrepancies in elemental abundances, has persisted for over two decades.
  • Measurements of carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) neutrinos by the Borexino experiment show tension with low-metallicity models.
  • The ^{14}N(p,γ)^{15}O reaction is critical for calculating CNO neutrino fluxes within the Standard Solar Model (SSM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the ^{14}N(p,γ)^{15}O reaction rates across a specific energy range.
  • To resolve discrepancies in previous measurements of the ground-state transition S-factor.
  • To update solar composition and CNO neutrino flux calculations using new experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous determination of S-factors for all transitions of the ^{14}N(p,γ)^{15}O reaction.
  • Measurements conducted in the proton energy range of E_{p}=110–260 keV.
  • Integration of new S-factor values into SSM calculations and analysis of solar neutrino data.

Main Results:

  • A precise zero-energy S-factor S_{114}(0) = 1.93 ± 0.10 keV b was determined, 15% higher than previously recommended values.
  • The updated photospheric abundance of carbon and nitrogen (N_{CN}) is (4.42_{-0.63}^{+0.70}) × 10^{-4}.
  • The new N_{CN} value aligns with high-metallicity models and is consistent with low-metallicity models within 1σ.

Conclusions:

  • The updated solar composition, informed by precise ^{14}N(p,γ)^{15}O reaction data, suggests the solar metallicity problem remains unresolved.
  • Reduced uncertainty in S_{114} will enable more accurate CN abundance determination in future solar neutrino experiments.
  • This research provides crucial nuclear physics input for understanding solar neutrino production and solar structure.