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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Diversity of Protists I01:15

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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Diversity of Protists III01:27

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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Monitoring Spatial Segregation in Surface Colonizing Microbial Populations
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Good Colonizers Diversify Faster.

Søren Faurby, Lars Werdelin, Alex Antonelli

    The American Naturalist
    |December 19, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Species that colonize new continents produce more descendant species, suggesting that competitive ability influences diversification. Including extinct species in evolutionary studies is crucial for understanding biogeographic patterns.

    Keywords:
    CarnivoraCreodontacolonizationdiversificationfossilsphylogeny

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Biogeography
    • Paleontology

    Background:

    • Species diversification and clade diversity vary significantly, potentially due to colonization ability.
    • Colonization can drive diversity through neutral (unoccupied areas) or nonneutral (competitive superiority) processes.
    • Distinguishing between these models is challenging using only extant species due to extinction events.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test neutral versus nonneutral models of diversification driven by colonization ability.
    • To investigate the role of colonization in the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora.
    • To assess the impact of including extinct species in phylogenetic analyses.

    Main Methods:

    • Construction of a species-level phylogeny for extant and extinct Carnivora.
    • Comparative analysis of diversification rates between colonizing and noncolonizing lineages.
    • Examination of evolutionary and biogeographic patterns using a comprehensive dataset.

    Main Results:

    • Colonizing species leave more descendant species compared to noncolonizers.
    • Colonizing lineages exhibited faster diversification rates at the time of colonization.
    • Evidence supports nonneutral diversification processes driven by variable competitive abilities.

    Conclusions:

    • Variation in species diversification is partly influenced by nonneutral processes, specifically variable competitive ability.
    • Colonization ability plays a significant role in shaping clade diversity.
    • Including extinct species in phylogenies is essential for accurate evolutionary and biogeographic inference.