NRF2 upregulation by CDDO-Me protects AC16 human cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced toxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anticancer therapeutic but exhibits dose-dependent, potentially life-threatening cardiotoxicity. The specific mechanisms driving this cardiotoxicity are not fully understood but can include the induction of oxidative stress and subsequent cell death mechanism activation. This has prompted the exploration of NRF2, a master co-ordinator of antioxidant and largely cytoprotective pathways, as a potential approach for the alleviation of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, NRF2 was pharmacologically activated via CDDO-Me (hitherto referred to as CDDO) to reduce the negative consequences on AC16 human cardiomyocyte cell health and functions. NRF2 intracellular dynamics were quantitatively measured using live-cell imaging, demonstrating rapid (∼10 min) yet sustained (≥24 h) induction of NRF2 expression and functional downstream activity. Genetic perturbations of the NRF2-KEAP1 system highlight that CDDO acts specifically through NRF2 to exert AC16 cytoprotection from DOX whilst not promoting human lung and pancreatic cancer cell line viability. RNA-seq analysis was also utilised to highlight the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects DOX in AC16 cells and the CDDO-mediated mitigation of cardiotoxicity. This study provides novel insight into NRF2 dynamics in the widely utilised AC16 cells whilst further elucidating the molecular mechanisms contributing to DOX cardiotoxicity and potential NRF2-orchestrated defence.