Comparative proteomic profiling of advanced, injectable, and titanium-prepared platelet rich fibrins (PRF): Insights...

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has emerged as a pivotal autologous biomaterial in regenerative medicine. Yet, comparative proteomic insights into its diverse formulations advanced PRF (A-PRF), injectable PRF (I-PRF), and titanium-prepared PRF (T-PRF) remain scarce. This study presents a comprehensive proteomic characterization of A-PRF, I-PRF, and T-PRF, employing imputed intensity data, principal component analysis (PCA), correlation matrices, and differential expression analysis. PCA identified distinct clustering patterns, reinforcing reproducible and formulation-specific proteomic signatures. Correlation and intensity distribution analyses demonstrated strong intra-group consistency, with A-PRF exhibiting the highest reproducibility, whereas T-PRF displayed greater variability. Differential expression analysis further delineated significant inter-group molecular variations, revealing unique proteomic compositions. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified key regulatory proteins such as fibrinogen alpha (FGA), fibrinogen beta (FGB), and fibronectin 1 (FN1), In contrast, enrichment analyses revealed biological processes related to coagulation, platelet activation, immune modulation, and extracellular matrix dynamics. Functional pathway mapping underscored divergent biological roles, A-PRF was enriched in coagulation-related pathways, while I-PRF linked to lipid metabolism and immune signaling. These findings validate the molecular distinctiveness of PRF variants and establish a proteomic framework for their precision-driven application in tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.