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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents
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Strabismus Increases Glaucoma Risk in California Medicare Beneficiaries.

Martin Ramirez1, Ying Zheng2, Victoria L Tseng2

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|December 19, 2025
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Strabismus, including paralytic, vertical, esotropia, and exotropia, significantly increases the odds of developing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) in older adults. Further research is needed to understand these associations.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Strabismus, a condition of eye misalignment, affects a significant portion of the population.
  • Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, encompasses various subtypes including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between different subtypes of strabismus and glaucoma among California Medicare beneficiaries.
  • To quantify the association between strabismus and the prevalence of POAG and NTG.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study analyzed 2019 California Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older with Parts A & B coverage.
  • Strabismus subtypes (paralytic, vertical, esotropia, exotropia) and glaucoma subtypes (POAG, NTG) were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes.
  • Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for demographic factors, refractive errors, and systemic disease burden (Charlson Comorbidity Index).

Main Results:

  • The study included over 2.7 million beneficiaries, with 8% having glaucoma and 1% having strabismus.
  • Paralytic strabismus was associated with a 78% increased odds of POAG and a 175% increased odds of NTG.
  • Vertical strabismus, esotropia, and exotropia also showed significant associations with increased odds of POAG and NTG, with odds ratios ranging from 1.80 to 2.70 for POAG and 2.75 to 3.03 for NTG.

Conclusions:

  • All identified subtypes of strabismus were significantly associated with higher odds of POAG and NTG in the studied Medicare population.
  • The findings highlight a potential link between eye alignment disorders and glaucoma development.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and inform glaucoma screening and management strategies for individuals with strabismus.