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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

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Low-grade, systemic inflammation and the risk of perioperative neurocognitive disorders in an observational study of

Insa Feinkohl1,2, Daniel Hadzidiakos3, Thomas B Dschietzig4,5

  • 1Epidemiology Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. insa.feinkohl@uni-potsdam.de.

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|December 19, 2025
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Summary

Preoperative inflammation markers, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP) and S100A12, are associated with an increased risk of post-operative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in older surgical patients.

Keywords:
AgeingInflammationNeuroepidemiologyPostoperative cognitive dysfunctionPostoperative delirium

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation following surgery may contribute to post-operative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD).
  • The role of pre-existing inflammation in the risk of developing POD/POCD remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between preoperative inflammation marker levels and the risk of POD and POCD in elderly surgical patients.
  • To determine if specific inflammatory markers predict the development of post-operative cognitive complications.

Main Methods:

  • 697 patients aged ≥65 years were enrolled in the BioCog study.
  • Preoperative levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), S100A12, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-18 were measured.
  • POD assessed up to 7 days post-surgery; POCD assessed at 3 months using neuropsychological testing.
  • Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for relevant covariates.

Main Results:

  • 20.1% of patients developed POD, and 10.9% developed POCD.
  • Elevated preoperative S100A12 and CRP levels (below 10 mg/L) were associated with an increased risk of POD.
  • Higher S100A12 levels correlated with a greater risk of POCD.
  • No significant associations were found for IL-6 and IL-18.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative low-grade inflammation may increase susceptibility to post-operative cognitive complications.
  • S100A12 and CRP are potential biomarkers for predicting POD and POCD risk in surgical patients.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the clinical implications of these findings.