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Liquid Metal Microrobots for Magnetically Guided Transvascular Navigation.

Xiaohui Ju1, Roshan Velluvakandy1, Xianghua Wu1,2

  • 1Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Soft microrobots made of liquid metal navigate biological environments. These magnetic microbots show promise for targeted drug delivery and image-guided therapies.

Keywords:
cross‐membranegallium‐indiumliquid metalorgan‐on‐a‐chipradiopaquereconfigurabletargeted delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Soft microrobots offer advantages over rigid ones in biological settings.
  • Existing microrobots face limitations in adaptability and fragility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce magnetically-guided liquid metal microrobots.
  • To evaluate their navigation, imaging, and biocompatibility for biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of liquid metal microrobots using gallium-indium alloys and Fe nanoparticles.
  • Magnetic actuation for controlled locomotion (rolling, upstream navigation).
  • In vitro and in vivo studies using quail egg chorioallantoic membrane and porcine heart models.
  • Endothelial barrier crossing assessment on a vascular flow-on-a-chip platform.

Main Results:

  • Microrobots demonstrated neutrophil-like navigation and upstream movement against flow.
  • Successful guided transport through blood vessels and accumulation at tumor xenografts.
  • Real-time fluoroscopic tracking due to intrinsic radiopacity.
  • Ability to cross endothelial barriers while maintaining biocompatibility.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid metal microrobots integrate deformability, magnetic steerability, and imaging visibility.
  • They represent a promising platform for minimally invasive transvascular navigation.
  • Potential applications include targeted drug delivery and image-guided therapies.