Wearable sensors: in situ detection tools for plant physiological markers and growth environment information

Plant health is a fundamental aspect of agricultural production, intimately linked to crop yield and quality. The precise acquisition of plant physiological information is vital for modern farmland management. This information encompasses plant biomarker information and details about the plant's growth environment. Traditional detection methods are limited by lengthy intervals between measurements and time-consuming detection processes. Wearable sensors, attached to the surface of plants, transform plant physiological environment information into photoelectric signals. This enables continuous, real-time in-situ monitoring of plant physiological information, opening up new avenues for plant health management and variety improvement. This article reviews the latest advancements in wearable sensors for plant health, classifies the sensors based on the types of plant physiological information they measure, and provides a detailed overview of their applications, including plant biomarker sensors and plant growth environment sensors. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions in this field are discussed, highlighting the potential of wearable sensors in precision agriculture and proposing a multidisciplinary approach to harness the full potential of wearable sensors in ensuring food security.