Evolution in Response to an Abiotic Stress Shapes Species Coexistence

Adaptation to abiotic stresses generally relies on traits that are not independent from those affecting species interactions. Still, the impact of such evolutionary processes on coexistence remains elusive. Here, we studied two spider mite species evolving separately on tomato plants that hyper-accumulated cadmium, a stressful environment for herbivores, or on plants without cadmium. Through experimental evolution and structural stability theory, we found that both species coexist in the cadmium environment, but the evolution of a single species in cadmium leads to exclusion. However, when both species evolve in cadmium they can coexist. This shift occurred due to a simultaneous increase in intra and a decrease in interspecific competition in that environment. These predictions were further confirmed with complementary experiments of population dynamics. Therefore, population shifts to novel environments, even in the absence of interspecific competitors, may have unforeseen evolutionary consequences for community composition and the maintenance of species diversity.