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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

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Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence
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Recent advances in the early detection of ovarian cancer.

Anahita Soleimani1, Akbar Amirfiroozy2, Mohammad M Pourseif3

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|December 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Early detection of ovarian cancer (OC) is crucial. Emerging liquid biopsy biomarkers and AI-driven models show promise for improving diagnostic accuracy, but require further validation for clinical use.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceCA125Circulating tumor DNAEarly detectionHE4Liquid biopsyMulti-omicsOvarian Cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecologic Oncology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Diagnostic Technologies

Background:

  • Ovarian cancer (OC) is a leading cause of cancer death, with most patients diagnosed at advanced stages due to non-specific symptoms.
  • Current screening methods like CA125 lack sufficient accuracy for early detection of OC.
  • Advanced stages often involve extensive peritoneal dissemination, complicating treatment and reducing survival rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging biomarkers and advanced diagnostic technologies for ovarian cancer detection.
  • To evaluate the potential of liquid biopsies and artificial intelligence (AI) in improving early diagnosis.
  • To highlight limitations and future directions for multimodal diagnostic strategies in OC.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of emerging biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
  • Evaluation of liquid biopsy analytes such as circulating tumor DNA and microRNAs.
  • Assessment of AI-driven models integrating multi-omic and radiomic data.

Main Results:

  • Liquid biopsies and multi-biomarker panels show potential for improved OC detection.
  • AI models integrating diverse data show promise but require further refinement.
  • Current diagnostic accuracy is stage-dependent, with limitations in early-stage detection.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid biopsies and AI-based approaches offer significant potential for earlier ovarian cancer detection.
  • Standardization of assays and large-scale prospective validation are critical for clinical implementation.
  • Multimodal diagnostic strategies are essential to reduce OC mortality through earlier diagnosis.