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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation
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Innate immune activation and mitochondrial ROS induce acute and persistent cardiac conduction system dysfunction

Deepthi Ashok1, Ting Liu1, Misato Nakanishi-Koakutsu2,3

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and.

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|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 causes cardiac arrhythmias through indirect innate immune activation and redox stress, not direct viral heart infection. This persistent cardiac conduction system injury may explain long COVID syndrome symptoms.

Keywords:
ArrhythmiasCardiologyImmunologyInfectious diseaseInnate immunityMitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Cardiac arrhythmias are common during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and in long COVID.
  • The underlying mechanisms of COVID-19-associated arrhythmias remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the acute and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cardiac electrophysiology and the cardiac conduction system (CCS) in a hamster model.
  • To elucidate the indirect mechanisms by which COVID-19 impacts cardiac function.

Main Methods:

  • Hamsters were infected with SARS-CoV-2, and electrocardiograms were recorded for 4 weeks.
  • Cardiac gene expression, macrophage infiltration, and cytokine profiles were assessed.
  • Innate immune activation was mimicked using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC) injection.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection induced significant cardiac arrhythmias, including bradycardia and atrioventricular block, without detectable viral proteins in the heart.
  • Persistent CCS injury was observed, characterized by cytokine expression, connexin mislocalization, and macrophage remodeling.
  • PIC injection mimicked COVID-19 arrhythmias, highlighting the role of innate immune activation.
  • JAK/STAT inhibition and mitochondrial antioxidants mitigated cardiac effects, suggesting innate immunity and redox stress as key mediators.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection indirectly causes cardiac arrhythmias via innate immune activation and redox stress, leading to persistent CCS injury.
  • These findings offer insights into the pathophysiology of arrhythmias in acute COVID-19 and long COVID syndrome.