Progress in the Application of Nanobiotechnology in the Ablation Therapy of Hepatic Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most prevalent and lethal primary liver malignancies worldwide. Despite significant advances in surgical resection and local ablation therapies, challenges such as low early detection rates, high postoperative recurrence, and limited local tumor control persist in clinical practice. In recent years, the rapid advancement of nanobiotechnology has opened new avenues for precise diagnosis and personalized therapy of HCC. Owing to their excellent biocompatibility and functional tunability, various nanocarriers have been extensively explored in ablation-based treatments to achieve targeted drug delivery, controlled release, enhanced image guidance, and immune modulation. These innovations have substantially improved both the efficacy and safety of ablation therapies. This review focuses on recent progress in the application of nanobiotechnology to HCC ablation, systematically summarizing its mechanisms, innovative strategies, and future prospects across radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), cryoablation (CRA), high-intensity ultrasound focused ablation (HIFU), irreversible electroporation (IRE) and photothermal therapy (PTT). This review aims to comprehensively summarize recent advances in the application of nanobiomaterials-biocompatible and functionally engineered nanomaterials-in ablation-based therapies for HCC, emphasizing their roles in enhancing therapeutic efficacy, imaging guidance, and immune modulation.