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Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Crowdsourcing lexical diversity.

Hadi Khalilia1,2, Jahna Otterbacher3, Gábor Bella4

  • 1Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a crowdsourcing method to reduce English bias in lexical-semantic resources (LSRs). The LingoGap platform identifies cross-lingual lexical gaps, enhancing language data quality.

Keywords:
crowdsourcinglanguage diversitylexical typologylinguistic gapmultilingual lexicon

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Linguistics
  • Lexicography
  • Cultural Anthropology

Background:

  • Lexical-semantic resources (LSRs) are crucial for NLP and linguistic studies.
  • Existing LSRs often exhibit English/Anglo-Saxon cultural bias, lacking native concepts and indicating untranslatability (lexical gaps).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel crowdsourcing methodology for reducing bias in LSRs.
  • To address the issue of cross-lingual lexical gaps and enhance cultural specificity in language resources.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the LingoGap crowdsourcing platform for microtask-based lexeme comparison across languages.
  • Crowd workers identified equivalent terms, language-specific terms, and lexical gaps, focusing on culturally rich domains like food and kinship.

Main Results:

  • Applied the method to English-Arabic (food) and Indonesian-Banjarese (food) terminology.
  • Identified 2,140 lexical gaps between English and Arabic, and 951 between Indonesian and Banjarese.

Conclusions:

  • The LingoGap crowdsourcing methodology is effective in identifying and reducing bias in LSRs.
  • The platform is a viable tool for large-scale lexicon enrichment and addressing cross-lingual lexical gaps.