Non-Targeted Analysis Workflow of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Ovarian Follicular Fluid: Identification of...

Ubiquitously distributed in the environment, food supply, and consumer products, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that disrupt hormonal activities in the endocrine system. Increasing evidence suggests that women with reproductive disorders tend to accumulate higher levels of EDCs, such as phthalates and parabens, in ovarian follicular fluid. However, most existing studies focus on the measurements of a limited number of prevalent EDCs, overlooking chemicals and metabolites that are not known or prioritized. To address the knowledge gap, we developed a non-targeted analysis (NTA) workflow for broader EDC detection in follicular fluid samples using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). By taking advantage of the higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) in the Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we first identified up to 17 characteristic product ions for parabens and their metabolites. Compared to conventional mass spectral matching via online databases and in silico fragmentation algorithms, paraben precursor ion prioritization through such diagnostic fragment ion extraction achieved more accurate compound identification at concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL. To extend the chemical coverage beyond known fragmentation patterns, we also assessed mass spectral library search via Compound Discoverer software, along with retention time model predictions. As a proof-of-concept application, the entire workflow was applied to a pooled follicular fluid sample collected from 211 Canadian patients receiving fertility treatment. Our compound identification results revealed that parabens could undergo several possible metabolic pathways, including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, sulfation, and amino acid conjugation. Furthermore, a total of 14 compounds were identified with level 1 confidence, including EDCs and their metabolites such as monophthalates, UV filters, and phenolic acids. The underlying implications of reproductive health associated with these substances are an area for future study.