Endoscopic Closure Techniques for Perforations, Leaks, and Fistulae: Review Article.

Area of Science:

• Gastroenterology
• Endoscopic Surgery

Background:

• Full-thickness gastrointestinal tract defects (FGTDs) are increasingly common due to advanced endoscopic and surgical procedures.
• Minimally invasive endoscopic management is now preferred, with surgery reserved for complex cases.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current literature on endoscopic techniques for FGTD closure.
• To discuss the indications, efficacy, and limitations of various endoscopic closure devices.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of endoscopic defect closure techniques.
• Analysis of available devices including clips, stents, and endoscopic vacuum therapy.

Main Results:

• Various endoscopic devices are available for FGTD management, including through-the-scope clips, over-the-scope clips, endoscopic suturing devices, self-expandable metal stents, and endoscopic vacuum therapy.
• Device selection depends on defect characteristics and availability, with limited established guidelines.

Conclusions:

• Endoscopic closure is a viable option for FGTDs, offering minimally invasive treatment.
• Further guidelines are needed to standardize device selection and treatment protocols for FGTDs.