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Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

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Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While

Zaheen Ahmed Iqbal^1,2, Indy Man Kit Ho³, Daniel Hung-Kay Chow¹

¹Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, ied.edu.hk.

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

|December 22, 2025

Summary

Long-distance running coordination adapts to surfaces and duration, with specific joint couplings changing over time. Coordination patterns, not variability, are sensitive to these running conditions.

Keywords:

continuous relative phase angle coordination distance running inertial measurement units stride-to-stride variability treadmill and over-ground running

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human Movement Science
Sports Science

Background:

Running coordination is crucial for adapting to diverse environments.
Limited understanding exists on how prolonged running on different surfaces affects lower-limb coordination and variability.
Continuous relative phase (CRP) and its variability are key metrics for quantifying running coordination.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare lower-limb coordination and variability during prolonged running on treadmill versus over-ground surfaces.
To investigate the effects of running duration and surface type on sagittal-plane movement patterns.
To determine if coordination or variability is more sensitive to changes in running conditions.

Main Methods:

Eleven healthy adults completed 31-minute runs at preferred speeds on treadmill and over-ground surfaces.
Seven Opal Movement Monitoring inertial measurement units collected kinematic data.
Continuous relative phase (CRP) and its variability were analyzed across initial and final 5-minute intervals, within stance and swing phases.

Main Results:

Overall, running duration and surface did not significantly alter coordination across the full gait cycle.
Ankle-knee coordination increased during the stance phase in the final 5 minutes.
Surface-by-duration interactions were noted in knee-hip and ankle-knee couplings during over-ground running.
Ankle-hip coordination increased during the swing phase in the final 5 minutes on both surfaces.
Coordination variability remained consistent across gait cycle phases and conditions.

Conclusions:

Lower-limb coordination patterns, unlike variability, are more responsive to changes in running duration and surface.
These findings highlight the importance of considering external running conditions in biomechanical assessments and gait optimization.
Specific joint couplings show sensitivity to prolonged running and surface variations, particularly during stance and swing phases.