Securing schools, protecting minds: a scoping review of limited evidence for weapon carriage prevention in K-12 schools

Rising rates of weapon carriage in U.S. K-12 schools threaten the safety and well-being of students, educators, and staff. Despite widespread use of security measures such as metal detectors and law enforcement presence, evidence supporting their effectiveness remains mixed. This scoping review analyzes empirical studies from 2005 to 2025 that evaluate interventions aimed at reducing weapon carriage in U.S. schools. Only two studies met inclusion criteria: one assessing the impact of random mandatory metal detector searches on weapon carriage and student safety perceptions, and another evaluating the Say Something Anonymous Reporting System (SS-ARS) for its potential to prevent firearm-related incidents. While both interventions showed limited positive outcomes, the overall evidence base is weak, and long-term effectiveness is unclear. Moreover, 'target hardening' strategies like metal detectors may negatively affect student perceptions of safety, particularly among students of color. Findings highlight the need for more holistic, evidence-based approaches that go beyond physical security. Interventions that emphasize social and emotional learning, mental health support, and positive school climate may better address the root causes of weapon carriage. Future research should focus on evaluating integrated strategies that balance physical safety with psychological well-being to create more supportive and secure school environments.