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Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Exocytosis00:50

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids
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Extracellular Vesicles and the Gartner Hype Cycle.

Mahsa Salehi1,2, Shukoofeh Torabi3, Homeyra Seydi2,4

  • 1Biological Products and Blood Safety Research Center High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine Tehran Iran.

Journal of Extracellular Biology
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise in medicine but face challenges in reproducibility and standardization. Addressing these issues is key for their clinical translation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
  • The field is currently navigating the Gartner Hype Cycle, moving from peak enthusiasm towards addressing practical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the current state of extracellular vesicle (EV) research using the Gartner Hype Cycle framework.
  • To identify key challenges hindering the clinical translation of EV-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • To propose actionable priorities for advancing rigorous and transparent EV research.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the current trajectory of EV research using the Gartner Hype Cycle model.
  • Identification and discussion of critical challenges in the field, such as EV heterogeneity and methodological inconsistencies.
  • Review of ongoing initiatives like MISEV guidelines and the EV-TRACK database.

Main Results:

  • EV research faces significant hurdles including heterogeneity, inconsistent methodologies, publication bias, and lack of standardization.
  • These challenges risk impeding progress and delaying clinical translation.
  • Existing initiatives (ISEV, MISEV, EV-TRACK) are crucial but require further development and adoption.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming challenges in reproducibility and standardization is essential for realizing the clinical potential of EVs.
  • Implementing rigorous research practices and transparent reporting is paramount.
  • A concerted effort is needed to move EV research from hype to impactful clinical application.