Liposomal and Nanomaterial-Based Strategies for Targeted Alzheimer's Disease Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a major neurodegenerative disorder with limited therapeutic options. Liposomal drug delivery has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance drug bioavailability and targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier. This review explores the role of liposomes and nanomaterials in AD therapy, focusing on their versatility for drug delivery, including intranasal formulations, gene therapy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive systems. Various liposomal formulations, such as mannose-modified, antibody-targeted, exosome-like, and biomaterial-based carriers, have shown significant potential in improving therapeutic efficacy. Natural compound-loaded liposomes, including polyphenols, tannic acid, and plant extracts, offer neuroprotective benefits. Furthermore, the inhibition of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, a key pathological feature of AD, is addressed through innovative liposomal approaches, including peptide-conjugated, chiral-modified, and transferrin-targeted liposomes. This review highlights the synergistic role of glymphatic clearance and microglial phagocytosis in reducing the amyloid burden. Liposomal-based strategies are promising for advancing AD treatment by improving drug stability, specificity, and brain-targeting efficiency.