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Artificial Intelligence Attack-Resilient Physical Unclonable Functions from Colloidal Nanowire Randomness.

Ruihu Cao^1,2, Yu Wang^1,3, Lin Zhao⁴

¹Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|December 22, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a novel physical unclonable function (PUF) using colloidal nanowires. This AI-resistant hardware security solution offers robust authentication for the Internet of Things.

Keywords:

artificial intelligence authentication authentication security colloidal nanowires deep learning physical unclonable function

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Cryptography
Computer Engineering

Background:

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are crucial for hardware security.
Existing PUF technologies face challenges with artificial intelligence (AI)-based modeling attacks.
Need for robust, scalable, and cost-effective authentication solutions in the AI era.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel physical unclonable function (PUF) resistant to AI-based modeling attacks.
To leverage the intrinsic randomness of colloidal nanowires for secure cryptographic fingerprints.
To implement a triple-key authentication scheme for enhanced security and environmental robustness.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of randomly structured colloidal nanowire networks via spin-coating.
Implementation of a triple-key authentication scheme involving morphological feature extraction, end/cross-point detection, and co-occurrence analysis.
Evaluation of AI-based modeling attack resistance and environmental robustness (temperature, humidity, thermal exposure).

Main Results:

Achieved optimal balance of uniformity and uniqueness metrics approximating 50% with minimal variance.
Demonstrated strong resistance to AI-driven attacks, with maximum prediction accuracy below 62% after 1000 iterations.
Confirmed structural stability and preserved PUF device functionality across diverse environmental conditions.

Conclusions:

The colloidal nanowire-based PUF offers a highly secure and cost-effective solution for authentication.
The multilayered authentication approach provides significant nonlinearity, ensuring robust AI attack resistance.
This technology enables scalable, streamlined fabrication for next-generation hardware security systems in the AI and IoT era.