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Contact Angle

Contact Angle

When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...

Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings

Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings

Analyzing a supported beam under unsymmetrical loadings is essential in structural engineering to understand how beams respond to varied force distributions. This analysis involves calculating the deflection and identifying points where the slope of the beam is zero, which are crucial for ensuring structural stability and functionality.
The first moment-area theorem determines the slope at any point on the beam. This theorem indicates that the change in slope between two points on a beam...

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Published on: August 15, 2018

Stood-up drop to determine receding contact angles.

Diego Díaz¹, Aman Bhargava², Franziska Walz³

¹Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.

|December 22, 2025

Summary

The stood-up drop technique offers a novel, user-independent method for measuring receding contact angles. This approach, unlike traditional goniometry, uses less liquid and avoids needle-induced distortions for accurate wetting behavior analysis.

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Last Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Published on: August 15, 2018

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

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Published on: June 14, 2019

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

Published on: March 27, 2019

Area of Science:

Surface Science
Fluid Dynamics
Materials Science

Background:

Wetting behavior is crucial for natural and industrial surfaces.
Advancing and receding contact angles determine wetting.
Sessile drop technique (goniometry) is the common method but has limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce the stood-up drop (SUD) technique as an alternative for measuring receding contact angles.
Address limitations of goniometry, including large volumes, long times, and user dependence.
Provide a more accurate and automated method for contact angle measurement.

Main Methods:

Developed the stood-up drop (SUD) technique involving liquid jet deposition and radial spreading.
Utilized volume-of-fluid (VoF) simulations to analyze the SUD technique.
Systematically varied viscosity, contact angle, and deposited drop volume in simulations.

Main Results:

The SUD technique's quasi-equilibrium state accurately approximates the receding contact angle.
The method is effective across a range of surfaces, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic.
VoF simulations established criteria for when the SUD technique yields accurate receding contact angles.

Conclusions:

The stood-up drop technique is a viable, less user-dependent alternative to goniometry for receding contact angle measurement.
The SUD method overcomes issues like needle-induced drop distortion.
Scaling criteria are provided to guide the application of the stood-up drop technique.